Student Mental Health and Well-Being Study

2009

1. An Ultra-Brief Screening Scale for Anxiety and Depression: The PHQ-4

   Kurt Kroenke, Robert L. Spitzer, Janet B.W. Williams, and 1 more author

   Psychosomatics, 2009

   Abs DOI Bib

   Background The most common mental disorders in both outpatient settings and the general population are depression and anxiety, which frequently coexist. Both of these disorders are associated with considerable disability. Objective When the disorders co-occur, the disability is even greater. Authors sought to test an ultra-brief screening tool for both. Method Validated two-item ultra-brief screeners for depression and anxiety were combined to constitute the Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression and Anxiety (the PHQ-4). Data were analyzed from 2,149 patients drawn from 15 primary-care clinics in the United States. Results Factor analysis confirmed two discrete factors (Depression and Anxiety) that explained 84% of the total variance. Increasing PHQ-4 scores were strongly associated with functional impairment, disability days, and healthcare use. Anxiety had a substantial effect on functional status that was independent of depression. Conclusion The PHQ-4 is a valid ultra-brief tool for detecting both anxiety and depressive disorders.

   @article{KROENKE2009613,
     title = {An Ultra-Brief Screening Scale for Anxiety and Depression: The PHQ-4},
     journal = {Psychosomatics},
     volume = {50},
     number = {6},
     pages = {613-621},
     year = {2009},
     issn = {0033-3182},
     doi = {10.1016/S0033-3182(09)70864-3},
     url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033318209708643},
     author = {Kroenke, Kurt and Spitzer, Robert L. and Williams, Janet B.W. and Löwe, Bernd},
     site_section = {study_reference}
   }

2. Development and validation of the short grit scale (grit-s)

   Angela Lee Duckworth and Patrick D Quinn

   J Pers Assess, Mar 2009

   Abs DOI Bib

   In this article, we introduce brief self-report and informant-report versions of the Grit Scale, which measures trait-level perseverance and passion for long-term goals. The Short Grit Scale (Grit-S) retains the 2-factor structure of the original Grit Scale (Duckworth, Peterson, Matthews, & Kelly, 2007) with 4 fewer items and improved psychometric properties. We present evidence for the Grit-S’s internal consistency, test-retest stability, consensual validity with informant-report versions, and predictive validity. Among adults, the Grit-S was associated with educational attainment and fewer career changes. Among adolescents, the Grit-S longitudinally predicted GPA and, inversely, hours watching television. Among cadets at the United States Military Academy, West Point, the Grit-S predicted retention. Among Scripps National Spelling Bee competitors, the Grit-S predicted final round attained, a relationship mediated by lifetime spelling practice.

   @article{Duckworth2009-ee,
     title = {Development and validation of the short grit scale (grit-s)},
     author = {Duckworth, Angela Lee and Quinn, Patrick D},
     journal = {J Pers Assess},
     volume = {91},
     number = {2},
     pages = {166--174},
     month = mar,
     year = {2009},
     address = {England},
     language = {en},
     doi = {10.1080/00223890802634290},
     site_section = {study_reference}
   }

1997

1. You want to measure coping but your protocol’s too long: Consider the brief cope

   Charles S Carver

   International journal of behavioral medicine, 1997

   DOI Bib

   @article{carver1997you,
     title = {You want to measure coping but your protocol's too long: Consider the brief cope},
     author = {Carver, Charles S},
     journal = {International journal of behavioral medicine},
     volume = {4},
     number = {1},
     pages = {92--100},
     year = {1997},
     publisher = {Springer},
     doi = {10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6},
     site_section = {study_reference}
   }

1983

1. A global measure of perceived stress

   S Cohen, T Kamarck, and R Mermelstein

   J Health Soc Behav, Dec 1983

   DOI Bib

   @article{Cohen1983-ar,
     title = {A global measure of perceived stress},
     author = {Cohen, S and Kamarck, T and Mermelstein, R},
     journal = {J Health Soc Behav},
     volume = {24},
     number = {4},
     pages = {385--396},
     month = dec,
     year = {1983},
     address = {United States},
     language = {en},
     doi = {10.2307/2136404},
     site_section = {study_reference}
   }